Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Disease/Disorder

Definition

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) is a hip disorder resulting in posteroinferior displacement of the proximal femoral epiphysis (femoral head) in relation to the metaphysis (femoral neck), through a skeletally immature physeal growth plate. It is characterized by insidious onset dull hip or referred knee pain, usually without preceding trauma.¹

Etiology

SCFE can be categorized into two types: typical (idiopathic) and atypical.² The etiology of typical SCFE is not well understood but thought to be multifactorial from changes in bone structure during puberty, hormonal imbalances, and force maldistribution. Mechanical risk factors for SCFE include rapid growth spurts, femoral retroversion, and femoral neck shaft angle. Typical SCFE is highly associated with childhood obesity, with greater than 50% of children with SCFE being above the 95th percentile in weight for age.³

Atypical SCFEs are associated with endocrinopathies, renal osteodystrophies, and history of radiation therapy.² Endocrinopathies such as hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, central precocious puberty, growth hormone deficiency, and hypopituitarism are linked to the development of atypical SCFE.⁴ The incidence of atypical SCFEs is less common, contributing to less than 10% of SCFE cases.² Atypical and typical SCFEs are distinct entities and may differ in their clinical manifestations and associated complications.

Epidemiology including risk factors and primary prevention

SCFE is a common hip disorder in children and adolescents with an overall prevalence of 10.8 cases per 100,000 children. Prevalence varies widely among race, seasonal and geographic location with higher presentation in the western United States.⁵ Black and Hispanic ethnicities have an increased risk for the development of SCFE.⁵

Peak incidence occurs in early adolescence, around ages 11-14 years when there is rapid growth. SCFE is nearly twice as common in males than females (male to female ratio of 1.6:1).^4,5 Presentation at age less than 10 years, older than 16 years and weight percentile less than 50^th percentile should raise clinical concern for atypical SCFE.⁶

Patho-anatomy/physiology

The pathogenesis of SCFE has many theories, however, the exact mechanism is still to be determined. It is believed to arise due to a mechanical displacement of the proximal femoral head from the femoral neck due to abnormal physiological loads through a skeletally weak and immature physeal growth plate. Insufficiency of the femoral physis can be attributed to mechanical factors, such as obesity, morphologic abnormalities of the femoroacetabular joint and other external variables that increase the axial load and shear forces applied to the growth plate which ultimately predispose it to slippage.⁷

Disease progression including natural history, disease phases or stages, disease trajectory (clinical features and presentation over time)

Classification

SCFE can be classified according to stability, severity, symptom duration by using the following classification systems.

Stability
Loder Classification: classifies by stability based on ability to bear weight. This type of classification is predictive of prognosis and accounts for nearly 90% of all SCFE cases.⁷

• Stable:  able to bear weight on the affected side with or without crutches.
• Unstable: unable to bear weight even with the use of crutches as symptoms are more severe. May have up to a 50% incidence of hip osteonecrosis compared with nearly <10% in stable SCFE.

Severity
Southwick Slip Angle Classification: radiologic classification of the femoral head-shaft angle using a frog-leg hip radiograph. The head-shaft angle is the angle between 1) one perpendicular line drawn between the anterior and posterior margins of the epiphysis and 2) a second line along the femoral neck axis. The difference in the head-shaft angle between the affected and unaffected side is used to grade the severity of the slip.^6,7 Severity is graded by the angle difference

• Mild: < 30°
• Moderate:  30-50°
• Severe: > 50°

Figure 1: Southwick head-shaft angle on a frog leg lateral view.⁷

• In cases of bilateral SCFE, 145° for AP radiographs and 10° frog lateral radiographs is used as “unaffected” hip reference.
• Severity of the slip angle is correlated with increased risk of avascular necrosis and chondrolysis.⁶

Grading System: radiographic classification based on the percentage of epiphyseal displacement.⁸

• Grade I (mild): 0-33° displacement
• Grade II (moderate):  33-50° displacement
• Grade III (severe): >50° displacement

Figure 2: Grading of SCFE determined by the percentage of displacement based on radiographic findings.⁸

Duration
Temporal Classification: traditional classification based on the duration of symptoms, although rarely used as it does not yield prognostic information⁷

• Acute: presentation within 3 weeks of symptom onset, represents about 15% of SCFE
• Chronic: presentation > 3 weeks of symptom onset; most common, represents about 85% of cases
• Acute on Chronic: acute exacerbation with symptoms in patient with chronic SCFE, likely due to inciting injury

Specific secondary or associated conditions and complications

Secondary conditions and complications¹¹

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVN) or loss of vascular flow occurs at a higher rate in severe, unstable SCFE and is associated with worse prognosis.⁹ Generally, the epiphysis is left in its position since the risk of avascular necrosis is high if manipulation is attempted.  It is a detrimental complication resulting in decreased hip motion, increased pain, and lower functional outcomes and activity scores.

Chondrolysis is a rapidly progressive loss of articular cartilage that occurs in 5-7% cases of SCFE.⁹ Symptoms include decreased range of motion, hip pain, stiffness, and joint space reduction of >50% in the affected hip.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is seen in nearly all patients with SCFE and correlates with slip severity. The mechanism involves abutment of the deformed femoral neck against the acetabulum which creates a CAM-type lesion.¹⁰ Regardless of surgical treatment, FAI will lead to articular cartilage lesions and labral tears long-term.

Premature osteoarthritis of the hip is a common long-term complication and associated with presence and severity of AVN, FAI, and chondrolysis. Patients with SCFE may develop early degenerative arthritis and undergo total hip replacement more than 10 years earlier than patients with idiopathic hip osteoarthritis.^10,11 

Growth arrest can result in leg-length discrepancies and altered gait patterns, especially in pubertal patients undergoing a growth spurt.

*To prevent delay in diagnosis of a second slip in children who do not undergo prophylactic pinning, patients with unilateral involvement, specifically those with endocrinopathies, should be followed closely by an orthopedic surgeon*

Essentials of Assessment

History

The typical presentation is an obese pre-adolescent with dull, poorly localized hip, groin, thigh, or knee pain, usually worsened with physical activity. The most common locations of pain include hip, thigh, and knee. Atypical pain patterns such as isolated thigh or isolated knee may also be present.¹²Most patients will deny preceding trauma before symptom onset, nonetheless, presence of prior injury does not exclude the likelihood of SCFE. SCFE can be classified clinically based on symptom intensity and duration into the following categories.⁷

Acute: symptoms present for < 3 weeks
Chronic: symptoms present for >3 weeks (most common; seen in 85% of cases)
Acute on chronic: acute exacerbation with prior chronic SCFE

Differential diagnosis in young patients with hip or knee pain is broad, including infectious, inflammatory, or rheumatologic causes, thus it is imperative to perform a detailed medical history and physical examination. Clinicians should have SCFE at the top of their differential diagnosis in any patient with impaired gait and inability to bear weight, recent growth spurt, pain with physical activity or predisposing factors such as obesity or systemic disease. Patients whose initial symptoms comprise of knee or thigh pain without the classic hip pain, have a greater chance of having their diagnosis missed leading to a delay in treatment and a worse prognosis.

Additional differential diagnosis in adolescents and young adults with hip pain

• Femoral fracture
• Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
• Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
• Osteomyelitis
• Septic Arthritis
• Transient synovitis
• Adductor Muscle Strain
• Avulsion fracture of the anterior iliac spine
• Apophysitis of the anterior iliac spine

Physical examination

Physical examination must include a detailed evaluation of the hip and knee. Observation should
start with the child’s height, weight and BMI. Look for possible hip or knee swelling and palpate the hip, femur, knee; should look for point tenderness, swelling or warmth. Affected versus unaffected hip range of motion and standing posture should be assessed. Hip range of motion is typically reduced in internal rotation, abduction, and flexion. A positive Drehman sign, characterized by obligatory external rotation and abduction of the hip during passive hip flexion to 90 degrees, is highly indicative of SCFE. In addition, abnormal gait patterns may present with antalgic, Trendelenburg or waddling gait with inability to bear weight on the affected extremity.¹ If any evidence of endocrine abnormalities (i.e.: small stature) further workup should be performed.

Clinical functional assessment: mobility, self-care cognition/behavior/affective state

SCFE may affect a child’s overall function, including mobility, standing and functional ambulation due to pain and range of motion restrictions.

Laboratory studies

Presentation of SCFE in children younger than 10 or older than 16, height or weight below the 50^th percentile, or with bilateral involvement should raise concern for atypical etiology. These patients should undergo workup for underlying endocrine and metabolic disease. Referral to endocrinology should be strongly considered for patients with atypical presentation. Initial screening laboratory tests include.^3,4

• Comprehensive metabolic panel
• Thyroid stimulating hormone +/- free T4 levels
• Parathyroid hormone
• Vitamin D levels
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Imaging

Hip radiographs are the preferred diagnostic screening tool for SCFE.  X-rays should include both anteroposterior (AP) and frog-leg lateral views of bilateral hips.⁶ Radiography is used to classify and grade the severity of the slip. Characteristic findings include growth plate widening, posterior displacement of the epiphysis and degeneration of the proximal epiphysis.⁷ On radiographic imaging, SCFE is often described as being like a scoop of ice cream (femoral head) slipping off a cone (femoral neck). A characteristic finding known as Trethowan’s sign, may be seen on AP hip radiographs where a line (Klein’s line) is drawn parallel to the superior femoral neck. In a healthy hip, Klein’s line intersects a small portion of the lateral epiphysis. In posterior displacement of the epiphysis, Klein’s line lies lateral to and does not intersect the epiphysis, yielding a positive Trethowan’s sign.⁷ However, Trethowan’s sign has limited sensitivity (40.3%) and specificity (89%). A modified Klein’s line increases the sensitivity to 60.3% and suggests a diagnosis of SCFE if the epiphyseal width lateral to Klein’s line differs by 2mm or more between hips.¹³ Given that the child may report atypical pain such as in the thigh or knee, clinicians should have a broad differential and low threshold for obtaining both hip and knee radiographs.

Figure 3: Left hip showing Klein’s line that does not intersect the epiphysis, a finding known as Trethowan’s sign.

Supplemental assessment tools

Advanced imaging is not routinely recommended for evaluation of SCFE, due to low specificity, cost and risk of radiation exposure. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and bone scintigraphy have demonstrated use as adjunctive modalities. They can identify avascular necrosis, evaluate for early slips, and assess callus formation. These modalities are useful to guide surgical approach and estimate prognosis.⁶

Early predictions of outcomes

Delay or missed diagnosis is the most important factor in long-term outcomes, with each month of delay, there is one level increase in slip severity.⁹ Mild slippage portends a favorable prognosis given the chance for further femoral growth and recover. Worse prognosis exists with higher severity of the slip as these cases are at increased risk for developing treatment complications such as premature osteoarthritis, femoroacetabular impingement, osteonecrosis and chondrolysis.

Environmental

Geographical and environmental factors may have a significant effect on the long-term outcomes of SCFE. Limited access to subspecialty care may lead to delay in diagnosis and treatment which is known to be associated with worse prognosis. One study in patients with SCFE found that those with Medicaid or uninsured were more likely to present with severe slip compared to those with private insurance.¹⁴ In many states, Medicaid requires a referral to see an orthopedist which poses an additional diagnostic delay.

Social role and social support system

SCFE and its complications may lead to lifelong disability encompassing pain, gait disturbances, degenerative changes, osteonecrosis and chondrolysis. Recognizing this impairment and its impact on a patient’s function is important, as careful monitoring, adequate management and resource stratification may improve the patient’s quality of life.

Professional issues

Higher slip severity and increased radiographic deformity is significant associated with delay in diagnosis.^14,15 Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure progression of slippage, reduce FAI and improve outcomes. If undiagnosed or left untreated, SCFE may result in chronic pain which can subsequently interfere with quality of personal, social and professional life.

Rehabilitation Management and Treatments

Available or current treatment guidelines

Management of SCFE: The primary principle is early detection and urgent referral for surgical evaluation. Delays in diagnosis and surgery can lead to adverse outcomes such as slip instability and progression, AVN, and postoperative impingement. If there is a gap before surgical evaluation or if the patient is not an immediate surgical candidate, they should maintain non-weightbearing status and be educated on the risk of falls.

Surgical

The mainstay of treatment for SCFE is in situ pinning, however open reduction, and capsular decompression have been described, particularly for severe, unstable slips^.7 The goal of treatment is to arrest progression of the slip and attain capital femoral epiphysis closure. The Dunn procedure was initially introduced as a promising surgical technique for SCFE and utilizes a posterior approach to reduce the femoral epiphysis followed by trochanteric osteotomy. However, the Dunn procedure was associated with high rate for AVN likely due to callus formation at the femoral neck.¹⁶ More recently, the modified Dunn procedure has come into favor for treatment of moderate to severe SCFE given its reduced risk for AVN and femoroacetabular impingement. The modified Dunn utilizes a soft tissue flap containing the retinaculum with blood vessels to protect blood supply to the femoral head.^9,16 There is a well-known risk for development of a contralateral slip, especially in patients with obesity or atypical SCFE. Prophylactic pinning of the asymptomatic contralateral hip has been suggested in recent literature for these high-risk patients, however this remains controversial.⁹

Rehabilitation

Following surgery, patients are made non-weight bearing on the affected extremity for 6-12 weeks with the aid of crutches or walkers to keep stress of the hip joint, the repair, and femoral head surface. Currently there are no standardized protocols for post-operative rehabilitation in children with SCFE. However, the consensus is that early mobilization and return to activity is beneficial. Early postoperative mobilization and structured physical therapy may improve functionality and hip range of motion and reduces pain.¹⁷ Physical therapy should focus on hip range of motion, strengthening of gluteal, hip, and thigh muscles, and gait retraining. A structured rehabilitation program may include¹⁷

Weeks 1-2 (performed in a supervised setting with a physical therapist): focus on painless hip range of motion, gentle isometric contractions of the hip muscles, proprioceptive stimulation, use of assistive devices such as crutches or walker to limit weight-bearing

Week 3 (transition from supervised physical therapy to home exercise): progressive hip strengthening and endurance building, walking without support to promote weight-bearing on operated limb

Weeks 4-11 (home-based exercises): restoring functional gait and navigating obstacles, stairs training, progressive aerobic training

At different disease stages

• After surgical intervention
  • limited weightbearing with crutches or walker for at least 6 weeks. In bilateral surgeries, patients are taught to use four-point gait
  • includes rehabilitation strategies that intend to stabilize or optimize function or prepare for further interventions at later disease stages
• Secondary prevention and disease management strategies
  • includes symptom relief
  • after 6-8 weeks crutches are discontinued, and regular activities gradually resume
• Chronic/stable
  • includes secondary prevention and disease management strategies
  • includes palliative strategies and symptom relief
  • return to sports participation depends upon the residual limitation of motion.
  • it is estimated that 45% of SCFE patients will undergo a total hip arthroplasty within 50 years of the initial insult.

Coordination of care

Optimal communication within the multidisciplinary team consisting of pediatricians, physiatrists, orthopedic surgeons, and physical and occupational therapists is of utmost importance to provide adequate patient care. Early intervention during the disease course correlates with better prognosis. Close follow up focusing on symptom control, hip mobility and preventing complications should be emphasized at all disease stages. Any concern for underlying endocrine/metabolic disorder should prompt further workup and referral to endocrinology.

Patient & family education

Patients’ delay in seeking medical care is a major factor contributing to late diagnosis in SCFE.¹⁵ Efforts should be made to increase patient and caregiver awareness and education about SCFE. Post-operative education on strict non-weight bearing precautions and optimal pain management is essential. As primary care providers, it is imperative to provide extensive education about weight control and involve specialists in nutrition and obesity early in the postoperative course if needed.

Measurement of treatment outcomes including those that are impairment-based, activity participation-based and environmentally based.

The Harris Hip score, Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), the Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS), the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS), have been validated in young adults to assess hip function.¹⁸

Translation into practice: practice “pearls”/performance improvement in practice (PIPs)/changes in clinical practice behaviors and skills

Despite its prevalence, diagnosis of SCFE is commonly delayed due to diverse pain patterns, atypical presentation, and vague symptomology. Other causes of delay include failure to obtain proper radiographs, assess bilateral hips, and missed radiographic diagnoses of morphological changes.¹⁹ Physicians should have SCFE within the differential diagnosis of any child presenting with hip, thigh, or knee pain. Performing a comprehensive physical exam and obtaining both hip and knee radiographs bilaterally is crucial to reduce missed slips. Children with SCFE, especially those with endocrinopathy should be closely monitored given the risk for asynchronous bilateral involvement.^3,4 SCFE is a surgical emergency and urgent referral to orthopedic surgery is essential for improved outcomes.

Cutting Edge/Emerging and Unique Concepts and Practice

Recent anatomical studies have focused on the role of epiphyseal rotation and cupping in the mechanism of displacement in SCFE.²⁰ The epiphyseal tubercle is prominent in children and decreases in size with puberty. Epiphyseal cupping increases to compensate, however may promote FAI deformity if under excessive physeal stress. This imbalance combined with additional stress from obesity and metabolic disorders contribute to a heightened risk for SCFE.   

There are ongoing trials to assess various operative options for severe and unstable SCFE which has an increased risk for AVN and poor functional outcomes. More invasive capital realignment procedures such as trochanteric osteotomies, femoral neck osteotomies, the Fish and modified Dunn have particularly gained interest.²¹

Gaps in the Evidence-Based Knowledge

Epidemiology studies have shown nearly a twofold increase in the incidence of SCFE over the past decade, which aligns with increasing rates of childhood obesity.⁵ Research has also shown that SCFE disproportionately affects children of lower socioeconomic status and those of Black and Hispanic race. Despite this, there remains gaps in the literature about the role of healthcare systems and socioeconomic factors in development of SCFE.

Studies suggest that up to 40% of patients may develop contralateral hip slippage within the first 18 months of initial diagnosis.²² Factors associated with developing contralateral SCFE include skeletal immaturity, endocrine disorders, and higher posterior sloping angle.²¹ Prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip in unilateral SCFE continues to be an area of ongoing discussion. Simultaneous preventive surgery may increase risk for early degeneration and complications, however, may prevent a future slip and reduce the number of surgeries. The decision for contralateral prophylactic pinning should be individualized and include careful consideration of risk factors.^9,22

References

1. Otani T, Kawaguchi Y, Marumo K. Diagnosis and treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: Recent trends to note. J Orthop Sci. 2018;23(2):220-228. doi:10.1016/j.jos.2017.12.009
2. Lindgren AM, Lieber AM, Shah SA, Thacker MM. Management of Atypical Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis. Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2023;5(3):727. doi:10.55275/JPOSNA-2023-727
3. Chatziravdeli V, Psaroulaki E, Rodiftsis G, Katsaras G. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Pathogenesis and Its Relation to Obesity—Where Do We Stand? A Narrative Review. Surgeries. 2023; 4(2):152-163. https://doi.org/10.3390/surgeries4020017
4. Hwang S, Lee YJ, Song MH, Cho TJ, Choi IH, Shin CH. Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis in Patients with Endocrinopathy: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Journal of bone and joint surgery American volume. 2024;106(5):381-388. doi:10.2106/JBJS.23.00790
5. Singh A, Kotzur T, Torres-Izquierdo B, et al. Decade-long Trends in Incidence of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis in the United States: A Nationwide Database Analysis of Over 33 Million Patients. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2024;8(5):e24.00112. Published 2024 May 22. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00112
6. Rosenbaum DG, Cooper AP. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: emphasis on early recognition and potential pitfalls. Skeletal Radiol. 2025;54(4):807-818. doi:10.1007/s00256-024-04798-x
7. Haider, S., Podeszwa, D. A., & Morris, W. Z. (2022). The Etiology and Management of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: Current Concept Review. Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.55275/JPOSNA-2022-589
8. Lasanianos NG, Kanakaris NK, Giannoudis PV. Trauma and Orthopaedic Classifications: A Comprehensive Overview. Springer London; 2014. 
9. Samelis PV, Papagrigorakis E, Konstantinou AL, Lalos H, Koulouvaris P. Factors Affecting Outcomes of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e6883. Published 2020 Feb 5. doi:10.7759/cureus.6883
10. Ghijselings S, Touquet J, Himpe N, Simon JP, Corten K, Moens P. Degenerative changes of the hip following in situ fixation for slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a minimum 18-year follow-up study. Hip Int. 2021;31(2):264-271. doi:10.1177/1120700019867248
11. Helgesson L, Johansson PK, Aurell Y, Tiderius CJ, Kärrholm J, Riad J. Early osteoarthritis after slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Acta Orthop. 2018;89(2):222-228. doi:10.1080/17453674.2017.1407055
12. Uvodich M, Schwend R, Stevanovic O, Wurster W, Leamon J, Hermanson A. Patterns of Pain in Adolescents with Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis. J Pediatr. 2019;206:184-189.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.050
13. Green DW, Mogekwu N, Scher DM, Handler S, Chalmers P, Widmann RF. A modification of Klein’s Line to improve sensitivity of the anterior-posterior radiograph in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(5):449-453. doi:10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181aa20cd
14. Purcell M, Reeves R, Mayfield M. Examining delays in diagnosis for slipped capital femoral epiphysis from a health disparities perspective. PLoS One. 2022;17(6):e0269745. Published 2022 Jun 24. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269745
15. Örtegren J, Österman J, Tiderius CJ. Patients’ delay is the major cause for late diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2021;30(2):105-110. doi:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000738
16. Tannast M, Jost LM, Lerch TD, Schmaranzer F, Ziebarth K, Siebenrock KA. The modified Dunn procedure for slipped capital femoral epiphysis: the Bernese experience. J Child Orthop. 2017;11(2):138-146. doi:10.1302/1863-2548-11-170046
17. Negru M, Catan L, Elena A, et al. The role of physical exercise in the rehabilitation of children with surgically treated unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Balneo and PRM Research Journal. 2025;16:781. doi:10.12680/balneo.2025.781
18. Bond EC, Phillips P, Larsen PD, Hunt L, Willoughby R. Long-term hip function in slipped capital femoral epiphysis treated with in situ pinning. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. 2019;27(1). doi:10.1177/2309499018822234
19. Pavone V, Testa G, Torrisi P, McCracken KL, Caldaci A, Vescio A, Sapienza M. Diagnosis of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: How to Stay out of Trouble? Children. 2023; 10(5):778. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050778
20. Wylie JD, Novais EN. Evolving Understanding of and Treatment Approaches to Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2019;12(2):213-219. doi:10.1007/s12178-019-09547-5
21. Kennedy GEM, Pullan J, El-Bakoury A. Comparing pinning in situ and capital realignment procedures for severe, stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a systematic review. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2023;10(3-4):238-243. Published 2023 Sep 28. doi:10.1093/jhps/hnad03
22. Swarup I, Shah R, Gohel S, Baldwin K, Sankar WN. Predicting subsequent contralateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis: an evidence-based approach. J  Child Orthop 2020;14:91-97. DOI: 10.1302/1863-2548.14.200012

Original Version of the Topic

Edwardo Ramos, MD, Daniel Almodovar-Frau, MD, Ana Ortiz-Santiago, MD. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis. 4/27/2022

Author Disclosure

Yelim Chung, MD
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Hana Azizi, MD, MPH
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Samantha DiSalvo, MD
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