Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders
[…] require repetitive overhead lifting have a higher prevalence of AC joint arthritis.13 It is also more common in patients with spinal cord injury, given increased demands placed on the upper extremities for mobility and transfers, with a prevalence of 50-71%.14 Social role […]
Neurogenic Bladder
[…] for patients who would require future MRI scans. Studies have shown promising results, especially for patients with multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Adverse events include lead migration, infection, pain at the site of implantation, and need for revision of the implanted […]
Aging with a Neurological Disability
[…] aging society in the United States. NPJ Aging. 2024;10(1):22. doi:10.1038/s41514-024-00148-2 Actuarial Life Table. Social Security. Accessed August 29, 2025. https://www.ssa.gov/oact/STATS/table4c6.html Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance: 2020 SCI data sheet. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Accessed August 30, […]
Neurological Examination and Classification of SCI
Overview and Description The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), is the standardized examination which was originally validated for use in the classification of traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI).1 This examination and classification system is also commonly used […]
Shoulder Instability, Dysfunction and Scapular Dyskinesis
[…] or tightness in muscles like the pectoralis minor can lead to dyskinesis.6,13,14 Nerve Injuries: Injury to the long thoracic or spinal accessory nerves can impair scapular control.7 Previous Shoulder Injuries: Dyskinesis can occur as a compensatory mechanism following shoulder trauma […]
Post-Laminectomy Pain
[…] the implementation of International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) on January 1st, 2022, this diagnosis was changed to “chronic pain after spinal surgery (CPSS)”. However, the ICD-11 has yet to be widely adopted. The terms “post-laminectomy pain” and “FBSS” will be […]
Pediatric Neuromuscular Scoliosis
[…] Neurologic exam should include assessment of muscle tone, reflexes, balance, gait, walking capacity, motor strength, and sensory exam (especially in spinal cord injury patients). Musculoskeletal exam should include joint range of motion (paying careful attention to the hip and pelvic positioning), shoulder […]
Spasticity
[…] Neurology 1994;44(suppl9):S12-20. Holtz KA, Lipson R, Noonan VK, Kwon BK, Mills PB. Prevalence and Effect of Problematic Spasticity After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Jun 2017;98(6):1132-1138. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2016.09.124 Bethoux F, Marrie RA. A cross-sectional study of the impact of spasticity on daily activities in […]
Syringomyelia
[…] as Chiari malformations, myelomeningocele, or tethered cord; however, idiopathic and rare familial cases are described. Acquired syringomyelia can be secondary to spinal cord injury, arachnoiditis, inflammatory or infectious conditions, or neoplasms.1,2 Other terms used to describe syringomyelia further include communicating or non-communicating syringomyelia. […]
Injectable Agents
[…] of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, in its 2024 consensus guidance, affirms that ITB is effective for chronic spasticity due to spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, acquired brain injury, cerebral palsy, and stroke, especially in patients who have failed or cannot tolerate oral […]