Anticoagulant Pharmacology
[…] restarted between 4 and 10 weeks from ICH.14 The risk of bleeding versus the risk of thromboembolism must be weighed. Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Mechanical prophylaxis combined with pharmacological prophylaxis should be used as soon as possible in the acute care phase.23 […]
Outcome Measurement in Rehabilitation
[…] equipment is not needed. Population specific measures also exist, with an example being is the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) – ASIA Impairment Scale).6 Spasticity/Spasms (Modified) Ashworth Spasticity Scale is a bedside qualitative measure of spasticity. Penn Spasm […]
The Early History of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in the United States
[…] become board certified in seven diverse subspecialties: brain injury medicine, hospice and palliative care, neuromuscular medicine, pain medicine, pediatric rehabilitation, spinal cord injury medicine, and sports medicine. Expansion into these subspecialty areas represents the state of the field in the late 20th […]
Fibromyalgia
[…] of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P as well as decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the spinal cord There are also abnormalities such as the dysregulation of dopamine and endogenous cerebral opioids.1 Peripheral derangements may contribute […]
Energy Expenditure During Basic Mobility and Approaches to Energy Conservation
[…] palsy (CP), spasticity and associated abnormal (e.g., crouch) gait, balance, and motor control result in increased energy expenditure.8 After a spinal cord injury (SCI), reduced lower extremity strength and trunk control impose significant metabolic demands on the upper extremities to facilitate assistive […]
Functional Assessment
[…] It is important to note the complexity of the population due to the multiple subspecialties within the field, such as spinal cord injury, brain injury, palliative care, pediatric, pain management, sport medicine, cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. This diversity calls for a complex, detailed approach […]
Psychological Factors Affecting Physical Disorders Part 2: A General Approach to Treatment
[…] and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which both act to prevent the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin in the brain and spinal cord, are the most effective. The mechanism of their effects remains unclear, but they are thought to provide analgesia […]
Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
[…] and bladder incontinence, saddle anesthesia, and/or sexual dysfunction. Rarely, traumatic grade V spondylolisthesis or spondyloptosis rostral to L2/L3 results in spinal cord injury.21 Essentials of Assessment History LS is often asymptomatic.22 However, patients experiencing symptoms from LS typically complain of diffuse and […]
Infectious Encephalopathies and Leukoencephalopathies
[…] involvement is widely variable, including meningitis, encephalitis affecting variable areas of the brain–mostly subcortical white matter and deep gray matter, spinal cord involvement with transverse mellitus, or it may present as Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS).18 In St. Louis encephalitis, the vast […]
Neurofibromatosis: Type 2
[…] a range of symptoms including severe headaches, seizures, and muscle weakness due to the involvement of other cranial nerves and spinal cord.6,7 Specific secondary or associated conditions and complications Patients with NF2 are prone to several complications due to the […]